Mathematics for Children
Page 59 of 178
Properties of Logarithms
From the semiotically active logarithm notation (abbreviated Mirabilis) we obtain the properties that are used in current times. Next, we present the properties.
Law of Multiplication (Multiplicatio Canon)
$$
\begin{aligned}
\displaystyle \log_{2^6} 64 &= \\
&= \log_{2^6} 4~.~16 = \log_{2^2} 4 + \log_{2^4} 16 \\
&= \log_{2^6} 8~.~8 = \log_{2^3} 4 + \log_{2^3} 16 \\
&= \log_{2^6} 2~.~32 = \log_{2^1} 2 + \log_{2^5} 32 \\
\end{aligned}
$$
$$\log_{C} A~.~B = \log_{C} A + \log_{C} B$$
Law of division (Tangentiplus Canon)
$$
\begin{aligned}
\log_{2^4} \frac{64}{4} &= \log_{2^6} 64 - \log_{2^2} 4 \\
\log_{5^1} \frac{125}{25} &= \log_{5^3} 125 - \log_{5^2} 25
\end{aligned}
$$
$$\log_{C} \frac{A}{B} = \log_{C} A - \log_{C} B$$
Law of Power (Potestati Canon)
$$
\begin{aligned}
\log_{2^6} 4^3 &= \log_{2^6} 64\\
&= \log_{2^6} 4 ~.~ 4 ~.~ 4\\
&\overset{\text{Multiplicatio Canon}}{=} \log_{2^2} 4 + \log_{2^2} 4 + \log_{2^2} 4\\
&= 3~.~\log_{2^2} 4\\
\end{aligned}
$$
$$\log_{C} A^B = B~.~\log_{C} A$$
Application for Planck constant
To understand the power of this notation, let’s calculate Planck’s constant.
$$\hbar = \frac{ 81^{\frac{1}{3.1}} ~.~ 27^{\frac{1}{2.8}} }{ 243^{\frac{1}{10.2}} }$$
$$
\begin{aligned}
\log \hbar &= \log \frac{ 81^{\frac{1}{3.1}} ~.~ 27^{\frac{1}{2.8}} }{ 243^{\frac{1}{10.2}} }\\
&= \log 81^{\frac{1}{3.1}} + \log 27^{\frac{1}{2.8}} - \log 243^{\frac{1}{10.2}} \\
&= \frac{1}{3.1}\log 81 + \frac{1}{2.8}\log 27 - \frac{1}{10.2}\log 243 \\
&= \frac{1}{3.1}\log_3 81 + \frac{1}{2.8}\log_3 27 - \frac{1}{10.2}\log_3 243 \\
&= \frac{1}{3.1}\log_{3^4} 81 + \frac{1}{2.8}\log_{3^3} 27 - \frac{1}{10.2}\log_{3^5} 243 \\
&= \frac{4}{3.1} + \frac{3}{2.8} - \frac{5}{10.2} \\
&= 1.3 + 1.2 - 0.5 = 2 \\
\end{aligned}
$$
$$\log_{3^2} \hbar \qquad \Rightarrow\qquad \hbar = 9$$
Application for similarity of triangles
This application was known as Kanon trigon sunomols or Canon angulus sinonimus, more specifically Law of similarity of triangles.
$$\frac{3}{4} = \frac{6}{8}$$
In fact, on the left side applying the log we have:
$$\log\frac{3}{4} \overset{\text{tangentiplus canon}}{=} \log 3 - \log 4$$On the other hand,
$$
\begin{aligned}
\log \frac{6}{8} &= \log 6 - \log 8\\
&\overset{\text{multiplicatio canon}}{=} \log 2~.~3 - \log 2~.~4\\
&= \color{red}{\log 2} + \log 3 \color{red}{-\log 2} - \log 4\\
&= \log 3 - \log 4 = \log\frac{3}{4}
\end{aligned}
$$
In this way, the similarity property of triangles holds.