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Books
  • History of Mathematics
    • Leonhard Euler
      • The life of Leonhard Euler
      • The language that Euler left us
      • The Basel problem
      • The number $e$ and compound interest
      • Euler's formula and the "most beautiful equation"
      • The spring and differential equations
      • The Königsberg bridges and the birth of graphs
      • $V - A + F = 2$ and the soccer ball
      • Infinitely many prime numbers from a sum
      • Fermat's number that was not prime
      • Euler's theorem and cryptography
      • Other contributions and legacy
      • Image credits
    • René Descartes
      • The life of René Descartes
      • Coordinates: geometry becomes algebra
      • Square root with ruler and compass
      • The rule of signs
      • The angles of polyhedra and Euler's formula
      • The kissing circles theorem
      • Why does the rainbow appear at 42°
      • Descartes and the idea of ​​function
      • A reading of the Cogito: listening and speaking
      • Descartes and the problem of cannons
      • The word "function"
      • *Physis*: deciphering the traits of nature
      • Infinity and division by zero
      • Other contributions and legacy
      • Image credits
    • Carl Friedrich Gauss
      • The life of Carl Friedrich Gauss
      • The sum of 1 to 100
      • The 17 sided polygon
      • Clock arithmetic
      • The fundamental theorem of algebra
      • Counting prime numbers
      • Ceres and the least squares method
      • The normal curve, Gauss's bell
      • The Egregium Theorem and curvature
      • Systems of equations: the determinant and Gaussian elimination
      • Gaussian quadrature: integrate with two points
      • Other contributions and legacy
      • Image credits
    • Isaac Newton
      • The life of Isaac Newton
      • The generalized binomial: beyond whole-number powers
      • Fluxions: how to measure an instantaneous change
      • Areas and integration: the inverse of fluxions
      • Newton's method: approximating roots with tangents
      • The laws of motion: forces and changes in velocity
      • Gravitation: from the apple to the Moon
      • Light and colours: the prism does not make the rainbow
      • Newton's legacy
      • Image credits
    • Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
      • The life of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
      • Leibniz's notation: a language for change
      • The product rule: two changes in one calculation
      • The ∫ sign: from sum to accumulation
      • Binary arithmetic: writing numbers with 0 and 1
      • Leibniz's machine: turning sums into motion
      • The Leibniz series for π: a simple, slow sum
      • Calculemus: the idea of calculating with reasoning
      • Leibniz's legacy
      • Image credits
    • Pierre de Fermat
      • The life of Pierre de Fermat
      • Fermat and analytic geometry: a curve in an equation
      • Maxima and minima: the rectangle with the largest area
      • Fermat's little theorem: powers and remainders
      • Fermat numbers: a conjecture and a counterexample
      • Fermat and Pascal: fairly dividing an interrupted game
      • Fermat's principle: light takes the fastest path
      • Infinite descent: a smaller solution leads to a contradiction
      • Fermat's last theorem: from the margin to Wiles's proof
      • Fermat's legacy
      • Image credits
    • Blaise Pascal
      • The life of Blaise Pascal
      • Pascal's triangle: build it by adding
      • Combinations: counting without listing
      • The Chevalier de Méré's dice and the fair split
      • The Pascaline: a sum made of gears
      • The mystic hexagram: six points on a conic
      • The cycloid: the toothache curve
      • Pascal's principle: multiplying forces with water
      • The weight of air: the Puy de Dôme experiment
      • Pascal's wager
      • Pascal's legacy
      • Image credits
    • Joseph-Louis Lagrange
      • The life of Joseph-Louis Lagrange
      • The calculus of variations
      • The Analytical Mechanics
      • The Lagrange points
      • Four squares are enough
      • Shuffling the roots
      • The derivative and the mean value
      • Lagrange multipliers
      • Lagrange's legacy
      • Image credits
    • Sophie Germain
      • The life of Sophie Germain
      • The letters to Gauss
      • The theorem on Fermat
      • Sophie Germain primes
      • The Sophie Germain identity
      • Vibrating plates
      • Mean curvature
      • Sophie Germain's legacy
      • Image credits
    • James Bernoulli
      • The life of James Bernoulli
      • Interest and the number e
      • The harmonic series
      • The spiral and the lemniscate
      • The art of conjecturing
      • The law of large numbers
      • The Bernoulli numbers
      • The legacy of James Bernoulli
      • Image credits
    • Albert Einstein
      • The life of Albert Einstein
      • The photoelectric effect
      • Brownian motion
      • Special relativity
      • E = mc²
      • General relativity
      • The legacy of Albert Einstein
      • Image credits
    • Johann Bernoulli
      • The life of Johann Bernoulli
      • The catenary
      • L'Hôpital's rule
      • The brachistochrone
      • The exponential calculus
      • Virtual work
      • The legacy of Johann Bernoulli
      • Image credits
    • Euclid of Alexandria
      • Euclid: the author without a face
      • The Elements
      • The equilateral triangle
      • Pythagoras's theorem
      • Geometric algebra
      • Euclid's algorithm
      • The primes never run out
      • The fifth postulate
      • The legacy of Euclid
      • Image credits
    • James Clerk Maxwell
      • The life of James Clerk Maxwell
      • Colour
      • Saturn's rings
      • The speeds of molecules
      • Maxwell's equations
      • The displacement current
      • Light is a wave
      • The legacy of James Clerk Maxwell
      • Image credits
    • John Nash
      • The life of John Nash
      • The game of Hex
      • The Nash equilibrium
      • Mixed strategies
      • The Nash bargaining solution
      • The embedding theorem
      • The differential equations
      • The legacy of John Nash
      • Image credits
    • Niels Henrik Abel
      • The life of Niels Henrik Abel
      • The fifth-degree equation
      • The binomial series
      • Elliptic functions
      • The lemniscate
      • Abelian groups
      • The legacy of Niels Henrik Abel
      • Image credits
    • Évariste Galois
      • The life of Évariste Galois
      • The group of an equation
      • What a group is
      • Solving by radicals
      • Finite fields
      • The impossible constructions
      • The legacy of Évariste Galois
      • Image credits
    • John Napier
      • The life of John Napier
      • Multiplying by adding
      • Napier's two points
      • Briggs and base 10
      • Napier's bones
      • The slide rule
      • The legacy of John Napier
      • Image credits
    • Alan Turing
      • The life of Alan Turing
      • The Turing machine
      • The halting problem
      • Computable numbers
      • The universal machine
      • The Enigma
      • Banburismus
      • The imitation game
      • Morphogenesis
      • The legacy of Alan Turing
      • Image credits
  • Mathematics for Children
    • Natural numbers
      • Elementary I (1st to 5th year)
        • Introduction
        • The number zero
        • Sum
        • Subtraction
        • Multiplication
        • Division
        • Even and odd numbers
        • Introduction to Geometry
        • Quadrilateral
      • Elementary II (6th to 9th year)
        • Prime numbers
        • Greatest Common Divisor
        • Least Common Multiple
        • Geometry with sequences of numbers
        • Triangles
      • High School
        • Introduction to Arithmetic Progression
        • Arithmetic Progression
      • Solved exercises (all levels)
        • Natural Number Subtraction Exercises
        • Exercises for Adding Natural Numbers
    • Whole Numbers
      • Elementary I (1st to 5th year)
        • Above and below zero
        • Measure
      • Elementary II (6th to 9th year)
        • Introduction to Integers
        • Straight and operations
        • Signal rule
        • Potentiation of integers
        • Angles and Geometry
          • Angles in basic planes
          • Property of Angles in Planes
      • High School (1st to 3rd grade)
        • Pascal's triangle
        • Function Basics
          • Function Discovery
          • Cartesian Plane
          • Classification in mathematics
          • Graphs for integers
    • Rational Numbers
      • Elementary I (1st to 5th year)
        • Equal parts and fractions
        • Decimals in everyday life
      • Elementary II (6th to 9th year)
        • Introduction to Rational Numbers
        • Operations with Rational Numbers
        • Percentage Basics
        • Proportions
        • Rule of 3
        • Fees
        • Quantity Analysis
        • Proportions and Geometry
        • Algebraic Expressions
        • First Degree Equations
      • High School (1st to 3rd grade)
        • Power with Negative Exponent
        • Nth Root
        • Models and restrictions
    • Irrational Numbers
      • Elementary I (1st to 5th year)
        • Measure and discover
      • Elementary II (6th to 9th year)
        • Operation with Radicals
          • Introduction to Irrational Numbers
          • Introduction to Radiciation
        • Approaches on the straight
        • Geometry - Irrational Numbers
          • Circumferences
          • Pi Number
          • Circle Area
          • Angles and Circumferences
          • Triangles and Circles
          • Pythagorean Suits
      • High School (1st to 3rd grade)
        • Arguments and operations
        • Logarithm
          • Introduction to Logarithm Table
          • Logarithm Properties
        • Rectangle Triangles
        • Basic Finance
          • Increases and Discounts
          • Simple Interest
          • Compound interest and Euler's number
    • Real Numbers
      • Elementary I (1st to 5th year)
        • Measures between integers
        • Everyday data
      • Elementary II (6th to 9th year)
        • Introduction to Real Numbers
        • Rational, irrational and approximations
        • Inequalities of real numbers
        • 2° degree equation
        • Bhaskara
        • Notions of Probability
          • Introduction to Probability
          • Fundamentals
          • Equiprobable Events
      • High School (1st to 3rd grade)
        • Notions of Sets
          • Introduction to Sets
          • Equivalence between Sets
          • Venn-Euler Diagrams
          • Diagram Operations
        • Intervals and infinity
          • Notion of Infinity
          • Ranges in real numbers
          • Interval Operations
        • Functions
          • Introduction to Function Theory
          • Understanding Relationships
          • Correspondence law
          • Function Concept
          • First Degree Functions
          • Domain and Image
        • Statistics Notions
          • Introduction to Statistics
          • Basic Concepts of Statistics
          • Descriptive Statistics
            • Position Measurements
            • Dispersion Measures
    • Plane Geometry
      • Elementary I (1st to 5th year)
        • Flat shapes
        • Lines, parallel and perpendicular
        • Angles: turns and corners
        • Polygons
        • Symmetry
        • Perimeter and area in the mesh
        • Enlargement and reduction
      • Elementary II (6th to 9th year)
        • 1. Primitive notions and propositions
          • A little history
          • I. Primitive notions
          • II. Primitive propositions
          • III. Competing straights
          • Exercises
        • 2. straight segment
          • I. The notion of "being between"
          • II. Segment and ray
          • III. Positions of two segments
          • IV. Segment congruence
          • V. Midpoint
          • VI. Measurement of a segment
          • VII. Distance between two points
          • Segments and straight lines in everyday life
          • Exercises
        • 3. Angles
          • I. Introduction: convexity and half-planes
          • II. Angle: definitions
          • III. Congruence and comparison
          • IV. Right, acute and obtuse angles — measurement
          • Exercises
        • 4. Triangles
          • I. Concept, elements and classification
          • II. Congruence of triangles
          • III. Inequalities in triangles
          • Exercises
          • Reading: Euclid and deductive geometry
        • 5. Parallelism
          • I. Parallel lines
          • II. Existence and uniqueness of parallel
          • III. Consequences in the triangle
          • Exercises
          • Reading: The fifth postulate
        • 6. Perpendicularity
          • I. Definitions — right angle
          • II. Existence and uniqueness of the perpendicular
          • III. Projections and distance
          • Exercises
        • Constructions with ruler and compass
        • 7. Notable quadrilaterals
          • I. Quadrilateral — definition and elements
          • II. Notable quadrilaterals — definitions
          • III. Properties of trapezoids
          • IV. Properties of parallelograms
          • V. Rectangle, rhombus and square
          • VI. Consequences — medium bases
          • Exercises
        • 9. Polygons
          • I. Definitions and elements
          • II. Diagonals, interior angles and exterior angles
          • Exercises
        • Areas of flat figures
        • 10. Circumference and circle
          • I. Definitions and elements
          • II. Relative positions of straight line and circle
          • III. Relative positions of two circles
          • IV. Tangent segments — circumscribable quadrilaterals
          • Exercises
        • Circumference length
        • Pythagoras Theorem
      • High School
        • 8. Notable points of the triangle
          • I. centroid — medians
          • II. incenter — angle bisectors internal
          • III. circumcenter — perpendicular bisectors
          • IV. orthocenter — heights
          • Exercises
          • Reading: Papus: the epilogue of Greek geometry
        • 11. Angles on the circumference
          • I. Congruence, addition and inequality of arcs
          • II. Central angle
          • III. Inscribed angle
          • IV. Segment angle (semi-inscribed)
          • V. Eccentric angles
          • Exercises
        • 12. Thales' theorem
          • I. Thales' Theorem
          • II. angle bisectors Theorems
          • Exercises
          • Reading: Legendre: towards a rigorous and didactic geometry
        • 13. Similarity of triangles and power of point
          • I. Similarity of triangles
          • II. Cases (criteria) of similarity
          • III. Point power
          • Exercises
        • 14. Right triangles
          • I. Metric relationships
          • II. Applications of the Pythagorean theorem
          • Exercises
        • 15. Any triangles
          • I. Sines theorem
          • II. Metric relations and cosine theorem
          • III. Calculation of notable lines
          • Exercises
        • Regular Polygons
        • Circumference ratio in regular polygons
  • Mathematical programming
    • Project Euler
      • Level Problems 1
  • Pure Mathematics
    • Elements of Mathematics
      • Mathematical Logic
      • Truth Table
      • Quantifier
      • Axioms and Postulates
      • Theorems
      • Demo
    • Set Theory
      • Primitive Notions
      • Introduction to Set Theory
      • Operations with Sets
      • Set Family
      • Cartesian Product of Sets
    • Relations
      • Introduction to Relationships
      • Relationship Properties
      • Equivalence Relations
      • Set Partition
    • Natural Numbers
      • Peano axioms
  • OBMEP Exercises
    • 2018
      • OBMEP 2018
      • OBMEP 2018 - Second Phase
    • 2019
      • OBMEP 2019 - Second Phase
    • 2021
      • OBMEP 2021 - 1 Phase
      • OBMEP 2021 - 2 Phase
    • 2022
      • OBMEP 2022 - 2 Phase - N1
      • OBMEP 2022 - 1 Phase
    • 2023
      • 1st phase – Level 1
      • 1st phase – Level 2
      • 1st phase – Level 3
      • 2nd phase – Level 1
      • 2nd phase – Level 2
      • 2nd phase – Level 3
  • Entrance Exam Exercises
    • ENEM
      • ENEM 2025
        • Questions 136 to 150
        • Questions 151 to 165
        • Questions 166 to 180
      • ENEM 2024
        • Questions 136 to 150
        • Questions 151 to 165
        • Questions 166 to 180
      • ENEM 2023
        • Questions 136 to 150
        • Questions 151 to 165
        • Questions 166 to 180
      • ENEM 2022
        • Questions 136 to 150
        • Questions 151 to 165
      • ENEM 2021
        • Questions 136 to 150
        • Questions 151 to 165
        • Questions 166 to 180
    • Fuvest
      • FUVEST 2026
        • 1st phase
        • 2nd phase
      • FUVEST 2025
        • 1st phase
        • 2nd phase
      • FUVEST 2024
        • 1st phase
        • 2nd phase
      • FUVEST 2023
        • 1st phase
        • 2nd phase
      • FUVEST 2022
        • 1st phase
        • 2nd phase
      • FUVEST 2021 – 2nd phase
  • The Semiotics of Mathematical Notation
    • 1. From word to symbol
      • Radix quadrati: mathematics has a script
      • Zero and place value
      • Euclid: the figure and the proof
      • Sine, leg and hypotenuse
      • From words to letters
      • +, −, × and =: the history of the signs
      • Napier and the logarithm
      • Leibniz against the dots
      • From exhaustion to the integral
      • Euler and functions
      • Cauchy and the limit
      • Galois and Cayley
      • Hamilton, Gibbs and Heaviside
      • Differential equations
      • Boole, Frege and Peano
      • References and credits
    • 2. The mathematical sign
      • What is a sign?
      • Peirce: icon, index and symbol
      • The object and its representations
      • The grammar of formulas
      • When place is the algorithm
      • The equals sign is a balance
      • Square root: the side of the square
      • Formula, table and graph
      • How to read a notation
      • References and credits
    • 3. Variables, unknowns and functions
      • One letter, five roles
      • The unknown
      • Letters that generalise
      • The variable
      • Parameters
      • Naming a function
      • Dummy letters
      • When the letter misleads
      • Guide and glossary
      • References and credits
    • 4. Equality, equivalence and proof
      • One sign, many equals
      • Frege and the morning star
      • Equation, identity, definition
      • Equivalence
      • ⇒ and ⇔
      • The chain of equalities
      • The words of a proof
      • Examples do not prove
      • Guide and glossary
      • References and credits
  1. Books
  2. Mathematics for Children
  3. Natural numbers
  4. Progressions

Progressions

Hero Image
Arithmetic Progression

From Gauss's story to the justification of the formula The school narrative associated with Gauss highlights the grouping of the ends of a sum. The idea is valid beyond that story: we can demonstrate it for any finite arithmetic progression. Your turn to investigate: Write 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and, below, the same sequence in reverse. Add the columns. Why is the result for each column the same? Discover the historical source on MacTutor, from the University of St Andrews.

April 10, 2025 Read
Hero Image
Introduction to Arithmetic Progression

A school story and an idea to try A much-told story about Gauss presents him, as a boy, quickly solving a sum by grouping terms. Let’s use this narrative as an invitation to investigate patterns. Your turn to investigate: Write 1 + 2 + … + 10. Join the first term to the last, the second to the penultimate and continue. How many pairs can you get? What is the sum of each pair? Discover the historical source on MacTutor, from the University of St Andrews.

July 10, 2024 Read
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